ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: The skin is frequently subjected to a variety of environmental trauma and stress. It is unavoidably subjected to blue light due to the increased use of electronic equipment, including indoor lighting and digital gadgets like smartphones and laptops, which have a range of detrimental effects. The method of action and numerous harmful consequences of blue light on the skin are the main subjects of this review. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A literature search has been performed using PubMed, GoogleScholar and EmBase databases and an updated review on the topic has been presented. RESULTS: Numerous studies have shown that being exposed to blue light accelerates the aging process and produces cutaneous hyperpigmentation. It also modifies the circadian rhythm. The two main molecules that mediate cellular responses to blue light are nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species. However, the precise process is still not fully known. CONCLUSION: These negative consequences may eventually cause more general skin damage, which may hasten the aging process. At times, skin protection may be crucial for protection against blue light.
Subject(s)
Hyperpigmentation , Light , Humans , Skin , Circadian Rhythm/physiology , Reactive Oxygen SpeciesABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The humans have been disproportionately affected by the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. The novel coronavirus or the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV2) causing coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has spread across the globe. Androgens have been suggested to have a role in COVID-19 pathogenesis. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this review article is to study the link between androgens and COVID-19. METHODOLOGY: PubMed and Google Scholar search was performed to retrieve literature related to the topic. Review articles, clinical trials, retrospective studies, observational studies, and case-control studies were considered for the review. RESULTS: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infected men are more inclined to be hospitalized for intensive care unit (ICU) as compared with women. This difference in the ICU admissions provides some clue for possible influence of androgens in the severity of COVID-19. The contribution of androgen and androgen receptor in COVID-19 disease and its severity, as well as the numerous medications targeting androgen and its receptor for lowering COVID-19 disease severity, are discussed in this review. Available literature suggests the role of androgen in the pathogenesis and severity of COVID-19. Sensitivity for androgen may be an important factor in regulating the severity of COVID-19 disease. CONCLUSION: There is a scope for the development of COVID-19 treatments based on androgen suppression. Clinical trials may furnish pivotal data and add more evidence-based options for the management of COVID-19.